An Atom Computing's Phoenix quantum computer is seen in Berkeley, California, July 21, 2022. REUTERS/Jane Lanhee Lee 

Atom Computing's co-founder Jonathan King, quantum engineering manager Krish Kotru, and CEO Rob Hays pose in front of the company's Phoenix quantum computer in Berkeley, California, July 21, 2022. REUTERS/Jane Lanhee Lee 

A man takes a photo of a model of the IBM Q System One quantum computer during the 2020 CES in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S. January 7, 2020. REUTERS/Steve Marcus 

A computer monitor displays the detection program interpreting the signal of the avalanche photodiode APD of the Atom Trap Trace Analysis system at the ArTTA laboratory at the Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics in Heidelberg, Germany, December 6, 2018. Atom Trap Trace Analysis for 39Ar is an ultra-sensitive detection method based on principles of quantum mechanics and found its first application in dating ground water and ice samples. REUTERS/Lisi Niesner 

Rupak Biswas, director of exploration technology at NASA Ames research center, speaks in front of a D-Wave 2X quantum computer during a media tour of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL) inside the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, December 8, 2015. REUTERS/Stephen Lam 

A D-Wave 2X quantum computer is pictured during a media tour of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL) at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, December 8, 2015. Housed inside the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility, the 1,097-qubit system is the largest quantum annealer in the world and a joint collaboration between NASA, Google, and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). REUTERS/Stephen Lam 

A D-Wave 2X quantum computer is pictured during a media tour of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL) at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California December 8, 2015. Housed inside the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility, the 1,097-qubit system is the largest quantum annealer in the world and a joint collaboration between NASA, Google, and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). REUTERS/Stephen Lam 

A D-Wave 2X quantum computer is pictured during a media tour of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL) at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, December 8, 2015. Housed inside the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility, the 1,097-qubit system is the largest quantum annealer in the world and a joint collaboration between NASA, Google, and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA). REUTERS/Stephen Lam 

David Bell, director of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science at the Universities Space Research Association, speaks on a panel during a tour of the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (QuAIL) inside the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, December 8, 2015. REUTERS/Stephen Lam 

(L-R) Rupak Biswas, director of exploration technology at NASA Ames research center speaks next to Hartmut Neven, director of engineering at Google and David Bell, director of the Research Institute for Advanced Computer Science at the Universities Space Research Asociation during a tour of the Quantum Artificial Inteligence Laboratory (QuAIL) inside the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA Ames Research Center in Mountain View, California, December 8, 2015. REUTERS/Stephen Lam 

U.S. physicist David Wineland smiles while talking with friend prior to a news conference in Boulder, Colorado, after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland talks about is experiment in his lab during a media tour after a news conference in Boulder, Colorado, after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland (R) has his photo taken by Dr. Shane Allman (L) while shaking hands with Dr. Florent Lecoca at a reception in Boulder, Colorado after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland shakes hands with colleague Fred Wells after a news conference in Boulder, Colorado, after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland speaks to reporters at a news conference in Boulder, Colorado, after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland speaks to reporters at a news conference in Boulder, Colorado, after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

Dr. Carl Cornell (L), Noble Prize winner in 1995, and U.S. physicist David Wineland (R) joke before the start of a news conference in Boulder, Colorado after the latter learnt that he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland (L) laughs with John Cumalat (R) before speaking to reporters at a news conference in Boulder, Colorado after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

U.S. physicist David Wineland jokes with colleagues prior to the start of a news conference in Boulder, Colorado, after learning he and Serge Haroche of France were awarded the 2012 Nobel Prize in Physics, October 9, 2012. The two men were awarded the prize for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. REUTERS/Mark Leffingwell (UNITED STATES - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY EDUCATION) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, poses after a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY HEADSHOT) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, reacts as he attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, poses after a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY HEADSHOT) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, poses after a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE - Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY HEADSHOT) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

Nobel Prize for Physics winner, French scientist Serge Haroche, attends a news conference in Paris, October 9, 2012. Serge Haroche and American David Wineland, both 68, won the Nobel Prize on Tuesday for finding ways to measure quantum particles without destroying them, which could make it possible to build a new kind of computer far more powerful than any seen before. The French and the American scientists found ways to manipulate the very smallest particles of matter and light to observe strange behaviour that previously could only be imagined in equations and thought experiments. REUTERS/Benoit Tessier (FRANCE- Tags: SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY) 

COMPUTERS-QUANTUM/ - Diagram detailing chronological progress of supercomputer technology. Previously transmitted on 27/09/2007 

COMPUTERS-QUANTUM/ - Diagram detailing chronological progress of supercomputer technology. Previously transmitted on 27/09/2007 

Theoretical physicist and mathematics talent Jennifer Tour Chayes talks to Reuters during a five-day International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics in Sydney July 9, 2003. [The Theory Group that Chayes and her husband head is at the cutting edge of blending mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science to solve problems, develop quantum computers and probe the frontiers of future cryptography. They are also heavily involved in Microsoft co-founder Bill Gate's push to make the world's top software firm a leading player in the search engine field.] 

Theoretical physicist and mathematics talent Jennifer Tour Chayes talks
to Reuters during a five-day International Congress on Industrial and
Applied Mathematics in Sydney July 9, 2003. The Theory Group that
Chayes and her husband head is at the cutting edge of blending
mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science to solve
problems, develop quantum computers and probe the frontiers of future
cryptography. They are also heavily involved in Microsoft co-founder
Bill Gate's push to make the world's top software firm a leading player
in the search engine field. REUTERS/David Gray

DG/FA 

Theoretical physicist and mathematics talent Jennifer Tour Chayes is
reflected in a mirror at a five-day International Congress on
Industrial and Applied Mathematics in Sydney July 9, 2003. The Theory
Group that Chayes and her husband head is at the cutting edge of
blending mathematics, theoretical physics and computer science to solve
problems, develop quantum computers and probe the frontiers of future
cryptography. They are also heavily involved in Microsoft co-founder
Bill Gate's push to make the world's top software firm a leading player
in the search engine field. REUTERS/David Gray

DG/FA 

The inventor of the VirTouch computer mouse for the blind and partially sighted, Ramon Gouzman, poses with an example of his invention Jerusalem March 5, 2001. The mouse acts as the eyes of the partially sighted and blind by helping them view computer graphics through touch. Manufacturers tout the VirTouch systems (VTS), as a quantum leap toward their integration into the world of the sighted. VTS allows the blind to recognise graphic shapes, pictures, play tactile computer games and read text in normal letters or Braille by placing fingers in three pads that respond when a cursor on the computer screen touches a graphic or letter. 

Blind Israeli Ariel Gamliel uses a special computer mouse to study a map of the Old City of Jerusaelm March 5, 2001. The mouse acts as the eyes of the partially sighted and blind by helping them view computer graphics through touch. Manufacturers tout the VirTouch systems (VTS), as a quantum leap toward their integration into the world of the sighted. VTS allows the blind to recognise graphic shapes, pictures, play tactile computer games and read text in normal letters or Braille by placing fingers in three pads that respond when a cursor on the computer screen touches a graphic or letter. 

Blind Israeli Tammy Rimon uses a computer mouse to play a video game as her seeing-eye dog waits under her chair in Jerusalem March 5, 2001. The mouse acts as the eyes of the partially sighted and blind by helping them view computer graphics through touch. Manufacturers tout the VirTouch systems (VTS), as a quantum leap toward their integration into the world of the sighted. VTS allows the blind to recognise graphic shapes, pictures, play tactile computer games and read text in normal letters or Braille by placing fingers in three pads that respond when a cursor on the computer screen touches a graphic or letter. 

Blind Israeli Ariel Gamliel uses a special computer mouse to study a map of the Old City of Jerusaelm March 5, 2001. The mouse acts as the eyes of the partially sighted and blind by helping them view computer graphics through touch. Manufacturers tout the VirTouch systems (VTS), as a quantum leap toward their integration into the world of the sighted. VTS allows the blind to recognise graphic shapes, pictures, play tactile computer games and read text in normal letters or Braille by placing fingers in three pads that respond when a cursor on the computer screen touches a graphic or letter.

NB/AA 

The inventor of the VirTouch computer mouse for the blind and partially sighted, Ramon Gouzman, poses with an example of his invention Jerusalem March 5, 2001. The mouse acts as the eyes of the partially sighted and blind by helping them view computer graphics through touch. Manufacturers tout the VirTouch systems (VTS), as a quantum leap toward their integration into the world of the sighted. VTS allows the blind to recognise graphic shapes, pictures, play tactile computer games and read text in normal letters or Braille by placing fingers in three pads that respond when a cursor on the computer screen touches a graphic or letter.

NB 

Blind Israeli Tammy Rimon uses a computer mouse to play a video game as her seeing-eye dog waits under her chair in Jerusalem March 5, 2001. The mouse acts as the eyes of the partially sighted and blind by helping them view computer graphics through touch. Manufacturers tout the VirTouch systems (VTS), as a quantum leap toward their integration into the world of the sighted. VTS allows the blind to recognise graphic shapes, pictures, play tactile computer games and read text in normal letters or Braille by placing fingers in three pads that respond when a cursor on the computer screen touches a graphic or letter.

NB 

Indian students watch a downloaded videotaped lecture at the Quantum Institute in New Delhi October 23, 2000. The videotaped lecture was downloaded from a leading U.S. university, the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The students who enrolled for the online computer science course will get the same degree as the U.S. university's on-campus students. Online education is catching on fast in India, with portals and institutes offering courses, homework and help to students over the Internet.

KK/HL 

(L-R) Daniel C. Tsui of the USA, Germany's Horst L. Stoermer and Robert B. Laughlin of the USA, winners of the Nobel prizes in physics sit next to John A. Pople of Britain, Nobel prize winner in chemistry during awards ceremony December 10. Tsui, Stroemer and Laughlin were awared for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations and Pople, a professor at the Northwestern University in Evanston (USA) got the award for his development of computional methods in quantum chemistry.

PEM/ME 

John A. Pople from Great Britain receives the Nobel prize for chemistry from Swedish King Carl Gustaf December 10. Pople, who is professor of the Northwestern University in Evanston (U.S.A.), got the award for his development of computional methods in quantum chemistry. The second part of the Nobel prize for chemistry was awarded to Walter Kohn from the United States.

PEM/ME