A ship docks to haul bauxite from the mines in the region, in Linden, Guyana, July 17, 2022. REUTERS/Gram Slattery 

People watch bauxite trains, operated by Russian aluminium giant Rusal, which collided in Wanindara neighbourhood of Conakry, Guinea, September 20, 2021. REUTERS/Saliou Sam 

Bauxite trains operated by Russian aluminium giant Rusal collide in Wanindara neighbourhood of Conakry, Guinea, September 20, 2021. REUTERS/Saliou Sam 

Bauxite trains operated by Russian aluminium giant Rusal collide in Wanindara neighbourhood of Conakry, Guinea, September 20, 2021. REUTERS/Saliou Sam 

Bauxite trains operated by Russian aluminium giant Rusal collide in Wanindara neighbourhood of Conakry, Guinea, September 20, 2021. REUTERS/Saliou Sam 

Bauxite trains operated by Russian aluminium giant Rusal collide in Wanindara neighbourhood of Conakry, Guinea, September 20, 2021. REUTERS/Saliou Sam 

Head of the technology pilot project of Norsk Hydro, Haakon Haakonsen, shows a refined bauxite, a raw material to make aluminium and a log of aluminium at front of the production line in Karmoey, Norway April 26, 2019. Picture taken April 26, 2019. REUTERS/Gwladys Fouche 

Head of the technology pilot project of Norsk Hydro, Haakon Haakonsen, shows a refined bauxite, a raw material to make aluminium and a log of aluminium at front of the production line in Karmoey, Norway April 26, 2019. Picture taken April 26, 2019. REUTERS/Gwladys Fouche 

Head of the technology pilot project of Norsk Hydro, Haakon Haakonsen, shows a bauxite, a raw material to make aluminium and a log of aluminium in Karmoey, Norway April 26, 2019. Picture taken April 26, 2019. REUTERS/Gwladys Fouche 

A decade after the Macuxi people won a bloody legal battle to expel rice planters from their reservation in a remote part of Brazil, their hold over ancestral lands has come under threat again from new right-wing President Jair Bolsonaro. The sprawling 1.7 million hectares (6,600 square miles) of savannah on the border with Venezuela Ñ a reservation called Raposa Serra do Sol Ñ is home to 25,000 native people whose main livelihood is raising cattle. But the land remains coveted by commercial farmers and mining prospectors, who believe the area is rich in minerals such as gold, diamonds, copper, molybdenum, bauxite and even niobium, a metal used to strengthen steel that Bolsonaro considers "strategic." REUTERS/Bruno Kelly SEARCH "BOLSONARO INDIGENOUS" FOR THIS STORY. SEARCH "WIDER IMAGE" FOR ALL STORIES. TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY. Matching text BRAZIL-INDIGENOUS/ 

A truck drives down a dusty road at Rio Tinto's Amrun bauxite mine in Cape York, on the north-eastern tip of Australia March 7, 2019. Picture taken March 7, 2019. REUTERS/Melanie Burton 

A truck loaded with bauxite as coming to a stop at Rio Tinto's Weipa operations, is pictured through a car's window in Cape York, on the Cape York Peninsula, on the north-eastern tip of Australia March 7, 2019. Picture taken March 7, 2019. REUTERS/Melanie Burton 

Workers talk at Rio Tinto's Amrun bauxite mine in Cape York, on the north-eastern tip of Australia March 7, 2019. Picture taken March 7, 2019. REUTERS/Melanie Burton 

A Rio Tinto worker looks at a ship that is loaded with bauxite, the raw material for aluminum, at Rio Tinto's Weipa operations in Cape York, on the north-eastern tip of Australia March 7, 2019. Picture taken March 7, 2019. REUTERS/Melanie Burton 

Concrete pipes connecting the bauxite residue deposit to its water treatment station are pictured at the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, in Barcarena, Para state, Brazil March 5, 2018. Picture taken March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Workers of Eviro-Tec and Nalco leave the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, after an inspection operation with Brazilian environmental agency Ibama and Evandro Chagas Institute to verify a report of irregularities on bauxite residue deposits at Alunorte, in Barcarena, Para state, Brazil March 8, 2018. Picture taken March 8, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Workers of Nalco leave the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, after an inspection operation with Brazilian environmental agency Ibama and Evandro Chagas Institute to verify a report of irregularities on bauxite residue deposits at Alunorte, in Barcarena, Para state, Brazil March 8, 2018. Picture taken March 8, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

A view shows bauxite residue in DRS1 deposit of the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Workers inspect part of the rainwater drainage system of DRS1 bauxite residue deposit of the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, is pictured in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Part of the rainwater drainage system of DRS2 bauxite residue deposit of the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, is pictured in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Part of the rainwater drainage system of DRS2 bauxite residue deposit of the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, is pictured in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Rainwater is drained at its drainage system from DRS1 bauxite residue deposit of the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

A view of the DRS2 bauxite residue deposit, which is out of operation after being interdicted by Brazilian authorities, in the alumina refinery Alunorte owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

A worker walks at an interdicted area which is part of DRS2 bauxite residue deposit of the alumina refinery Alunorte, owned by Norwegian company Norsk Hydro ASA, in Barcarena, Para state, northern Brazil March 5, 2018. REUTERS/Ricardo Moraes 

Mining operations can be seen at the Rio Tinto alumina refinery and bauxite mine in Gove, also known as Nhulunbuy, located 650 kilometers (404 miles)east of Darwin in Australia's Northern Territory in this July 16, 2013 file photo. REUTERS/David Gray/Files GLOBAL BUSINESS WEEK AHEAD PACKAGE - SEARCH 'BUSINESS WEEK AHEAD APRIL 4' FOR ALL IMAGES 

Durian planter Abdul Rani stands in his durian orchard, which no longer produces fruit, in an area mined for bauxite in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

A durian orchard remains untouched in an area exploited by bauxite mining companies in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

Durian planter Che Long Che Ali stands in one of the remaining durian orchards not yet leased to bauxite mining companies in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

A flower blooms in a durian orchard in an area exploited by bauxite mining companies in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

A durian orchard overlooking land exploited by bauxite mining companies, which was previously all durian orchards, is seen in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

Durian planter Che Long Che Ali stands on the verandah of an abandoned house once in a durian orchard, now mined by bauxite mining companies in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

A durian orchard remains untouched in an area exploited by bauxite mining companies in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

The gate to a durian orchard overlooking land exploited by bauxite mining companies, which was previously all durian orchards, is seen in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. Malaysian farmers of the famously pungent durian fruit are calling for tighter regulations on mining they say is destroying arable land and tainting the water they need to churn out their yellow, spiky-shelled crop. Picture taken February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

A couple rides a motorbike through land mined for bauxite in Kuantan, Malaysia, February 16, 2016. REUTERS/Olivia Harris 

METALS-LMEWEEK/ELNINO - Map with overlays copper, nickel and bauxite mines on August 2015 surface temperature anomaly. (SIN05) 

Members of the Maroon community, descendants of runaway slaves, invite a girl to dance with them during the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Competitors in the Beautiful Boat competition arrive at a dock on the Cottica River during the event which is part of the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

The leader of a group competing in the Beautiful Boat competition spits out a traditional brew to mark their arrival at a dock on the Cottica River, during the event which is part of the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Members of the Maroon community, descendants of runaway slaves, play music and dance during the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Members of the Maroon community, descendants of runaway slaves, dance during the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Members of the Maroon community, descendants of runaway slaves, play music and dance during the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Members of the Maroon community, descendants of runaway slaves, dance during the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Competitors in the Beautiful Boat competition navigate the Cottica River during the event which is part of the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Competitors in the Beautiful Boat competition navigate the Cottica River during the event which is part of the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY) 

Competitors in the Beautiful Boat competition navigate the Cottica River during the event which is part of the Moengo Festival of Theater and Dance in District Marowijne, northeastern Suriname, September 19, 2014. Through this festival the residents of Moengo are attempting to attract development back to their village, formerly the heart of the bauxite industry operated by U.S. aluminum giant Alcoa, and which was devastated during the country's civil war of the late 1980's, according to organizers. Picture taken September 19, 2014. REUTERS/Ranu Abhelakh (SURINAME - Tags: SOCIETY TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY) 

A general view of the bauxite processing plant in Montenegro's Kombinat Aluminijuma Podgorica (KAP) aluminium factory in Podgorica September 9, 2013. In its heyday in the late 1970s, KAP supported the families of 5,000 workers. Now, with its workforce cut to a fifth, huge parts of the complex resemble a ghost town, blanketed in dust and suffocated by debts of more than 380 million euros ($513 million). Montenegro is now torn between a pressing need for economic stability and the political and social cost of closing down KAP. It's a choice faced by others in the Balkans: giving up a cherished, but ultimately unprofitable business model, spurred by financial necessity and hope of renewed prosperity within the European Union. The former Yugoslavia is littered with such industrial dinosaurs, deprived of the largesse of the late socialist leader Josip Broz Tito but kept on life-support by governments too scared to pull the plug. To match Story BALKANS-ECONOMY/ Picture taken September 9, 2013. REUTERS/Stevo Vasiljevic (MONTENEGRO - Tags: BUSINESS INDUSTRIAL) 

Artisans sit on top firewood loaded at the back of a truck along Sokoto-Anka road in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A man holds a plastic filter as he prepares to wash gold dust at a local goldmine in Bagega village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A boy loads gold rocks into a crushing machine at a local goldmine in Bagega village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

Processed gold is spread outside a processing company in Anka village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A boy filters gold dust in a pan at a local goldmine in Bagega village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A boy washes gold dust in a plastic filter at a local goldmine in Bagega village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

Farm labourers sit on top of sugar cane loaded at the back of a truck along Anka-Sokoto road in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: AGRICULTURE BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT ENERGY) 

A youth rides past a bicycle along Anka-Sokoto road in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS) 

A labourer works at a gold processing company in Anka village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A labourer works at a gold processing company in Anka village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A Chinese miner sits near an industrial machine at a gold processing company in Anka village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A Chinese miner shovels processed gold dust at a processing company in Anka village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 13, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 13, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A local miner crushes gold rocks with a machine at a local goldmine in Bagega village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS EMPLOYMENT) 

A local miner washes gold dust in a bowl at a local goldmine in Bagega village in northeastern state of Zamfara August 14, 2013. Nigeria's solid minerals remain untapped and largely unmapped, an anomaly in a region that is a growing source of materials such as iron ore, gold, diamonds, uranium and bauxite. The government wants to change that. Mines Minister Musa Sada aims to revive mining's contribution to the economy to 5 percent from its current 1 percent by 2015. Picture taken August 14, 2013. To match Feature NIGERIA-MINING/ REUTERS/Akintunde Akinleye (NIGERIA - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS)