An aerial view of Rio das Pedras slum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil April 12, 2019. REUTERS/Sergio Moraes

An aerial view of Rio das Pedras slum in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil April 12, 2019. REUTERS/Sergio Moraes

A customer holds a mobile device while waiting to buy snacks at Djakarta Theater in Jakarta, Indonesia, February 18, 2016. Indonesia's opening of its fiercely protected cinema industry is whetting the appetite of overseas firms such as South Korea's CJ CGV Co Ltd, looking to profit from an increase in the supply of foreign movies to a vast, underdeveloped market. REUTERS/Beawiharta

An employee of Cinema 21 Group carries snack and drinks to sell inside a theater at Djakarta Theater in Jakarta, Indonesia, February 18, 2016. Indonesia's opening of its fiercely protected cinema industry is whetting the appetite of overseas firms such as South Korea's CJ CGV Co Ltd, looking to profit from an increase in the supply of foreign movies to a vast, underdeveloped market.REUTERS/Beawiharta

Youths from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, joke as they get ready to rock climb as part of the activities organized by Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) at La Huasteca park in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Rory Smith (L), co-founder of Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders), looks on as a youth from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, takes part in a climbing activity at La Huasteca park, in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Rory Smith (L), co-founder of Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders), fist bumps with a youth from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, before a rock climbing activity at La Huasteca park in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

A troubled youth from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, takes part in a rock climbing activity organized by the Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) group at La Huasteca park in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Troubled youths from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, cross a stream as they take part in activities organized by Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) at La Huasteca park in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Members of Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) and troubled youths from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, arrange their equipment after a rock climbing activity at La Huasteca park in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

A youth from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo climbs up as part of the activities organized by Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) at La Huasteca park in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Rory Smith (R), co-founder of Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders), talks to youths at the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Shoes hang on a power line as the Cerro de las Mitras is seen in the background from the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST ENVIRONMENT)

Youths play at the room of an abandoned building in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group project Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 11, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 11, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

A youth smokes marijuana in a hitter at the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Children play soccer at the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) group project is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

A youth sniffs toluene as members of the group Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) recruits troubled youths at the gang infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, in Monterrey, February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Children run past a house with graffiti at the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group project Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey January 28, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 28, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

A person is silhouetted while walking at the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group project Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey January 28, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey.. Picture taken January 28, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Children play at the roof of an abandoned building in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) group project is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey.. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Rory Smith (R), co-founder of Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders), climbs a communication tower at the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

Rory Smith (L) co-founder of Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) chats with a participant at his home in the gang infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

Members of the group Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) Nadia Vazquez (L) and co-founder Rory Smith, walk at the gang infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey February 4, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aims to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken February 4, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

A young man, a participant of the Escalando Fronteras (Climbing Borders) group project, walks in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo, where the group is working with troubled youths, in Monterrey January 24, 2015. According to the group, Climbing Borders aim to empower and help troubled youths in underdeveloped areas around the world through rock-climbing and education, in order to give them the tools to pursue promising and positive lives outside drugs, gangs and organised crime. Since 2014 the group has worked with about 100 youths in the gang-infested neighbourhood of Lomas Modelo in Monterrey. Picture taken January 24, 2015. REUTERS/Daniel Becerril (MEXICO - Tags: DRUGS SOCIETY CIVIL UNREST)

People walk outside the Emir of Zaria's palace in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

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Men stand outside the Emir of Zaria's palace in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A tricycle driver rides past a graffiti at the entrance to the old city in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A police officer talks on his phone outside the Emir of Zaria's palace in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A snake charmer releases a snake inside the Emir of Zaria's palace in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Palace official Malam Bogobiri sits on a rug inside the Emir of Zaria's palace in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II listens to religious figures read the Koran during an evening Ramadan Tafsir at the Emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A servant, cast in yellow light, stands in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II receives visitors before saying a prayer for them at the Emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Men listen to religious figures reading the Koran during an evening Ramadan tafsir at the Emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II listens to religious figures reciting a Hadith chapter at the Emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II poses for a photograph at the palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

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Wall paintings are seen in the Emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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People watch as the Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II passes, in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Religious authorities Gwani Hadi (R) and Sheikh Dr. Qaribullah Nasir Kabara (C), leader of the Qadiriyya movement, recite the Koran in Hausa and English during an evening Ramadan Tafsir at the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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People cheer as the Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II passes in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II rides a horse with his bodyguards by his side from the Grand Mosque to the emir's palace after Friday prayers during Ramadan in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Lawal Sule Abdullahi, a Sharia upper court judge, poses for a photograph in his home in Zaria, Nigeria, July 17, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 17, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A wooden door with carvings is seen in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II rides a horse with his bodyguards by his side from the Grand Mosque to the emir's palace after Friday prayers during Ramadan in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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An official at Kaduna's Grand Mosque talks on his mobile phone in Kaduna, Nigeria, July 15, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 15, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Women attend an Islamic school in Kaduna, Nigeria, July 16, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 16, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Men sit after a Ramadan Tafsir session led by Sheik Ahmad Abubakar Mahmud Gumi (not pictured) at the Grand Mosque in Kaduna, Nigeria, July 15, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 15, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Professor Umar Muhammad Labdo, dean of humanities at Northwest University, poses for a photograph in his office in Kano, Nigeria, July 19, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 19, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A crier in the royal court poses for a photograph in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A volunteer poses for a photograph at the Grand Mosque after a daily Ramadan Tafsir session in Kaduna, Nigeria, July 15, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 15, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Visitors pray while greeting the Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II at the emir's palace during Ramadan in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Servants speak to each other in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A servant poses for a photograph in the courtyard of the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)

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Visitors wait to greet the Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II at the emir's palace during Ramadan in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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Griots play music at the emir's palace during Ramadan in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A griot plays a horned instrument at the emir's palace during Ramadan in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA)
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The Emir of Kano Muhammadu Sanusi II receives visitors before saying a prayer for them at the emir's palace in Kano, Nigeria, July 18, 2014. The Emirate of Kano is part of the Sokoto Caliphate, one of the great Islamic empires that dotted the Sahel, profiting from caravan routes connecting Africa's interior with its Mediterranean coast. Nigeria's former colonial ruler Britain kept most of the northern hierarchy in place and the emirate continued to hold sway over the largely underdeveloped region after independence in 1960. Lamido Sanusi, Nigeria's ousted central bank governor, was named Emir of Kano in June, making an outspoken government critic one of the most influential leaders in the largely Muslim north. The throne, however, has few constitutional powers. Picture taken July 18, 2014. REUTERS/Joe Penney (NIGERIA - Tags: RELIGION ROYALS SOCIETY)

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A man arrives at Sulaiman Al-Habib private hospital in Riyadh January 20, 2014. Stock market listings planned by two of Saudi Arabia's biggest private hospital operators, Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group and Almana General Hospitals, point to a boom in its healthcare industry, as political pressures prompt the government to pour huge sums into the underdeveloped sector. REUTERS/Faisal Al Nasser (SAUDI ARABIA - Tags: BUSINESS HEALTH)

A car drives past Sulaiman Al-Habib private hospital in Riyadh January 20, 2014. Stock market listings planned by two of Saudi Arabia's biggest private hospital operators, Sulaiman Al-Habib Medical Group and Almana General Hospitals, point to a boom in its healthcare industry, as political pressures prompt the government to pour huge sums into the underdeveloped sector. REUTERS/Faisal Al Nasser (SAUDI ARABIA - Tags: BUSINESS HEALTH)