Experts say scores of villages and towns along Indonesia's shoreline are being inundated because of a grim combination of man-made environmental destruction and climate change. Roughly 40 percent of Jakarta is below sea level and a new sea wall has had to be built in a bid to hold back the waves. Indonesia, an archipelago of thousands of islands, has about 81,000 km (50,331 miles) of coastline, making it particularly vulnerable to climate change. It is also home to more than a fifth of the world's mangrove forests, which naturally help keep the tides out. But only 3 million hectares of mangroves remain, down from nearly double that three decades ago, according to Wetlands International. For years, coastal communities have chopped down the mangrove forests to clear the way for fish and shrimp farms, and for rice paddies. In some places, hundreds of metres of coast that used to be lined with mangroves have now been swallowed up by the sea. The government has scrambled to work with environmental groups to replant mangroves, build dykes and relocate some people. But many residents, mostly poor fishermen and vendors, are either reluctant to leave their old family homes or simply have nowhere to go further inland on crowded Java. REUTERS/Beawiharta SEARCH "COASTLINE INDONESIA" FOR THIS STORY. SEARCH "WIDER IMAGE" FOR ALL STORIES. TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY. Matching text: INDONESIA-COASTLINE/